New developments in in-situ x-ray absorption (XAS), transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM) and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) will be discussed. First a brief introduction is given of x-ray absorption spectroscopy, including the multiplet interpretation of XAS spectral shapes [1,2].

Nanoscale chemical imaging of catalysts under working conditions is possible with Transmission X-ray Microscopy. We have shown that TXM can image a catalytic system under relevant reaction conditions and provides detailed information on the morphology and composition of the catalyst material in situ [3]. The 20 nanometer resolution combined with powerful chemical speciation by XAS and the ability to image materials under reaction conditions opens up new opportunities to study many chemical processes. I will discuss the present status of in-situ TXM, with an emphasis on the abilities of the 10+ nm resolution TXM technique in comparison with 0.1 nm STEM-EELS [4,5]. Hard X-ray TXM allows the measurement of chemical images and tomographs under more realistic conditions, using a capillary reactor at 10 bar Fischer-Tropsch conditions [6].

The last part of the talk deals with resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS), In 2p3d RIXS one scans through the 2p XAS edge and measures the optical excitation range. As an example, the RIXS spectra of CoO will be discussed. The experimental resolution of 100 meV at ADRESS allows the detailed observation of the electronic structure. First-principle theoretical modelling was performed for the ground state and multiplet analysis for the RIXS experiments. The implications for measurements on coordination compounds (cobalt carboxylates) and cobalt nanoparticles is discussed, in particular the comparison with optical spectroscopy [7]. Related to the RIXS measurements is the analysis of Fluorescence yield (FY) detected x-ray absorption spectra (XAS), including the intrinsic deviations of  FY-XAS spectral shape from the XAS spectrum [8,9].

REFERENCES

1. Core Level Spectroscopy of Solids
   Frank de Groot and Akio Kotani (Taylor & Francis CRC press, 2008)
2. Download the x-ray spectroscopy simulation software at  http://www.anorg.chem.uu.nl/CTM4XAS/
3. E. de Smit et al. Nature 456, 222 (2008).
4. F.M.F. de Groot et al. ChemPhysChem 11, 951 (2010);
5. M. van Schooneveld et al. Nature Nanotechnology  5, 538 (2010)
6. I. Gonzalez-Jimenez et al. Angew. Chem. 124 12152 (2012)
7. M. van Schooneveld et al.  Angew. Chem. 52, 1170 (2012)
8. R. Kurian, et al. J. Phys. Cond. Matt. 24, 452201 (2012)
9. F.M.F. de Groot, Nature Chemistry 4, 766 (2012)
   

Abstract <PDF>

Zhong Ren (Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago)

Robert K. Szilagyi (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University)

Dr. Ondrej Muransky (ANSTO)

The last 5 years have seen unprecedented new opportunities for Australian science with the opening of two world class major user facilities: the Australian Synchrotron and the OPAL research reactor.  Both facilities opened in 2007 have been quickly embraced by the Australian and international research communities with both having well over two thousand registered users.

The Australian Synchrotron is a 3 GeV third generation photon science facility, located in Melbourne, Victoria.  Its initial suite of nine beamlines include dedicated Protein Crystallography, EXAFS, powder diffraction, SAXS/WAXS, micro-beam Infra-red and soft X-ray spectroscopy beamlines.  A high energy beamline dedicated to imaging and medical therapy is being commissioned.  The OPAL research reactor is a 20 MW swimming pool design reactor with a very compact core delivering high neutron flux.  It is located at ANSTO in Sydney, New South Wales, and is designed not only for neutron beam research, but also for radioisotope production and irradiation services.  It currently operates 7 instruments on thermal and cold sources beams dedicated to powder diffraction, single crystal diffraction, residual stress and strain, SANS, reflectivity and triple axis inelastic scattering, with six additional instruments under construction.

The capabilities of these two facilities some research highlights will be presented. 

*Dr Richard Garrett

Richard Garrett is Senior Advisor, Synchrotron Science at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) and was the Facility Director of the Australian Synchrotron Research Program until 2009.  Richard has over 25 years of experience working at major synchrotron light source facilities in the United States and Japan in addition to the Australian Synchrotron.  He has provided expert technical advice to the Australian Synchrotron in a number of capacities, and is currently Chair of the Users Advisory Committee and a member of the Beamlines Development Working Group.  Richard also chairs the International Union of Crystallography Commission on Synchrotron Radiation and is a member of the Executive Council of the Asia Oceania Forum for Synchrotron Radiation Research (AOFSRR).

[1] J Morse, M Salomé, E Berdermann, M Pomorski, J Grant, V O’Shea, P Ilinski, Mater.Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. (Fall 2007), 1039 P06-02
[2] J Morse, B Solar, H Graafsma, J. Synch. Rad. (2010) 17, 456–464
[3] Pomorski, M, Ciobanu, M, Mer, C, Rebisz-Pomorska, M, Tromson, D and Bergonzo, P (2009), Phys. Stat. sol. (a) 206:2109–2114
[4] E Muller, J Smedley, J Bohon, X Yang, M Gaowei, J Skinner, G De Geronimo, M Sullivan, M   Allaire, J Keister, LBerman Heroux J. of Synch. Rad. (2012) 19, 381-387

A mounted quadrant diamond position monitor for the ESRF  ID21 Microscopy Beamline: the 30 µm thick diamond sensor is circled in red.

The PILATUS pixel and MYTHEN strip detectors have transformed synchrotron radiation data collection by combining noise-free counter properties with highest data acquisition rates. These features enable optimized data acquisition modes and new experimental techniques. The PILATUS detector is a modular two-dimensional hybrid pixel array detector, while the MYTHEN detector is a one-dimensional strip detector.

Based on these technologies several new developments have been made.

1. To enable measurements with ultra-soft X-rays and to optimize data quality, PILATUS modules were characterized and tested under vacuum conditions, allowing the construction of customized in-vacuum detectors: A PILATUS 1M was installed at the BESSY-2 FCM beamline for SAXS measurements at energies from 1.75 to 10 keV. A PILATUS 12M consisting of 120 detector modules in vacuum arranged in a large semi-cylindrical shape is being built for the DLS Long Wavelength MX beamline I23. A PILATUS 100K with optimized module geometry will be installed in-vacuum at the inelastic X-ray scattering beamline BL43LXU at SPring-8.

2. To enhance the detection efficiency for hard X-ray applications, Silicon sensors with increased thickness of 450 and 1000 µm have been developed. Their characteristics have been measured over a wide energy range from 1.75 (in vacuum) to 60 keV (in air), confirming that the quantum efficiency for hard X-rays is increased as theoretically expected, while the ideal spatial resolution (point spread function of one pixel size) is maintained.

3. A new version of the PILATUS readout chip has been developed and tested. It will be used in the PILATUS3 detector series. It features higher count rates (of up to 10⁷ photons/s/pixel), higher readout speeds (<1 ms full readout) and enhanced global stability. This enables better accuracy in the highest intensity diffraction spots/rings and faster data acquisition.

4. MYTHEN detectors are ideally suited to detect isotropic scattering signals as encountered in powder diffraction or solution scattering. New mechanics for 6 or 24 modules allow to cover 30 and 120 °, respectively, thereby enabling high-throughput experiments and time-resolved studies.

5. The EIGER pixel detector represents the next generation of DECTRIS pixel detectors. With a pixel size of 75 µm, frame rates up to 3000 Hz and a dead-time of 3 µs it will enable radically new experiments.

These developments will be presented along with the corresponding measurement results.

Following Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) and PSI-2, “PSI:Biology” is in progress in the United States, funded by NIH. Through the PSI and PSI-2, it has been possible to solve bacterial “single domain” structures with high-throughput manner corresponding with developments in infrastructure and resources. Although membrane proteins, human or mammalian protein-protein, and protein-nucleic acid complexes are still very challenging targets for structure determination, it has been discussed that such challenges represent the future direction of structural biology/structural genomics. PSI:Biology started as the third program of structural genomics in this strategy. In the US, four Centers for High-Throughput Structure Determination, nine Centers for Membrane Protein Structure Determination, twelve Consortia for High-Throughput-Enabled Structural Biology Partnerships, and two resource centers, have been selected after a peer review process by NIH. Each of the centers and the consortiums has been working on their own project.

We have had the opportunity to launch the one of the biology partnerships (PI: Robert Fletterick, UCSF) through the researches of human transcription factor complexes in the Fletterick lab and via collaborations with Shinya Yamanaka and Bruce Conklin labs in the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, UCSF, on iPS cells and cardiac transcription factors. I have been managing this partnership project since the PSI:BIology was funded at the end of September 2010. The project has also been collaborated with the Joint Center of Structural Genomics (JCSG; Beamline@SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory), one of Centers for High-Throughput Structure Determination to facilitate this program. The team is focusing on protein-protein, protein/DNA, and protein/protein/DNA complexes of human transcription factor machineries (We call this effort as “PSI:Stem Cell Biology”).

In this seminar, I will report the current status of this project on cell reprogramming factors and also discuss the direction to overcome problems, associated with sample preparations of complexes, for high-throughput crystallography.

Since the discovery that small fluorescent compounds and conjugated polymers could be used as the active material in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) about twenty years ago, intensive research has seen them move from relatively short-lived and inefficient devices to components of commercially available appliances. This research has prompted the development of other organic devices such as organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs), field-effect transistors (OFETs) and sensors. A fundamental feature of these devices is that they rely on electron transfer between layers of organic materials, which imposes certain requirements on the materials and the way they interact.

Morphologies of model devices based on the architectures of OLEDs, bulk heterojunction OPVs and fluorescent sensors for explosives have been studied using a purpose-built cell on the Platypus time-of-flight neutron reflectometer at Australia’s OPAL reactor and the ISIS Facility in the UK. Deuterated materials synthesised at the National Deuteration Facility were used to enhance contrast between the organic layers. Three device structures have been examined: (i) studies of OLED architectures revealed that rapid interdiffusion occurs between the emissive layer and electron transport layer when heated above a critical temperature [1]; (ii) studies of organic photovoltaic solar cells fabricated by sequential deposition revealed interdiffusion between donor (P3HT) and acceptor (PCBM) layers [2] and (iii) studies of sensors revealed that the analyte diffuses reversibly throughout the active layer with accompanying swelling that depends on the structure of the sensing material [3, 4]. Our work has shown that diffusion occurs between layers at relatively low temperatures, having a great effect on performance and durability. The results have important implications for the long-term stability of devices based on organic layers.

References 1) A. R. G. Smith, J. L. Ruggles, H. Cavaye, P. Shaw, T. A. Darwish, M. James, I. R. Gentle, P. L. Burn, Advanced Functional Materials, 21, 2225 (2011). 2) K. H. Lee, P. E. Schwenn, A. R. G. Smith, H. Cavaye, P. E. Shaw, M. James, K. Kruger, P. Meredith, I. R. Gentle, and P. L. Burn, Advanced Materials, 23, 766 (2011). 3) H. Cavaye, A. Smith, M. James, A. Nelson, P. L. Burn, I. R. Gentle, P. Meredith, Langmuir 25, 12800 (2009). 4) H. Cavaye, P. E. Shaw, A. R. G. Smith, P. L. Burn, I. R. Gentle, M. James, S.-C. Lo, P. Meredith, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 18366 (2011).

It is often unclear why enzymes are oligomeric. In some cases,
oligomerisation provides a means of allosteric regulation. For the lysine biosynthetic enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), dimerisation provides a pocket into which the allosteric inhibitor—lysine—can bind and inhibit catalysis. Whilst the dimer forms the allosteric cleft and contributes the active site, the reason for tetramerisation is less clear. The homotetrameric structure of DHDPS is essential for enzymatic activity, since dimeric mutants of E. coli DHDPS are much less active compared to the wild-type tetramer. We propose that by buttressing two dimers together, tetramerisation optimises protein dynamics for catalysis, particularly within the key catalytic triad motif. In general DHDPS enzymes appear to have evolved three conformations to solve the problem of excessive protein dynamics in the dimer: 1) tetramerisation as found in bacterial species (e.g. E. coli DHDPS), 2) tetramerisation as found in plant DHDPS enzymes, and 3) the Staphylococcus aureus-DHDPS dimer, which has stronger contacts across the dimer interface. I will present our ongoing work to uncover the mechanisms of catalysis and allostery. In addition, I will include our recent studies of the bacterial DHDPS enzymes from S. aureus, which is the first dimeric DHDPS enzyme characterised, and Clostridium botulinum, which shows a novel mechanism of regulation, whereby its substrate (pyruvate) promotes oligomerisation from less active monomers and dimers to an active tetramer.

Dobson, R. C. J.1,2
1 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia.
2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Recent research activities in the field of epitaxial Co / fluoride nano- and heterostructures on silicon will be presented. The structures have been grown and studied in the Group of Epitaxial Insulators using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements (MOKE). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD and SXRD), photoelectron spectroscopy (XAS, XPS) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) studies have been carried out in close collaboration with a number of other research groups. The following topics will be discussed:

*Calcium fluoride epitaxial growth on silicon   
  +Initial stages of growth and interface structure  
  +From nanostripes to grooved and ridged CaF2(110) surface on Si(001)  
*Cobalt nanoparticle arrays on CaF2 surfaces  
  +MBE-growth of Co nanoparticles on CaF2(111) and CaF2(110) surfaces  
+Crystal structure, epitaxial relations and shapes of the nanoparticles  
  +Magnetic anisotropy of ordered Co nanoparticles  
*Cobalt on MnF2 as attractive exchange bias system  
  +Formation and crystal structure of Co/MnF2 heterostructures  
  +Magnetic properties studied by MOKE  
  +XMCD experiments at APE beamline of ELETTRA
*Unsolved problems and prospects for future studies

        Pixel Array Detectors (PADs) are finding wide application in synchrotron science.  Pixel Array Detectors consist of a silicon detector (diode) layer and a CMOS logic layer, where each pixel in the silicon detector is connected by bump bond to a corresponding pixel in the CMOS, or "ASIC".  The custom integrated circuit logic in each pixel in the ASIC processes the signal from an X-ray striking the detector.  The pixel logic might integrate incoming signal, count photons, or do a combination of the two.  The basic unit of the detector, a PAD module, might be 2cm by 2cm or 2cm x 8cm in area; larger area detectors are made up by tiling modules.  Pixel sizes are approximately 150 microns.  It is the active processing of detector signals with custom logic that differentiates a Pixel Array Detector from other detectors such as CCD detectors.  Pixel Array Detectors generally have very fast read out (1-2 milliseconds) and very low point spread.  Depending on the pixel design used, PADs also can have other attributes such as very high dynamic range, individual photon counting, recording of extremely high count rates, or recording extremly short bursts of x-rays. 
        In this talk, an overview of Pixel Array Detectors will be presented.  Pixel design will be described and their strengths and weaknesses considered for
some chosen applications.

We discuss world-wide progress towards nanoscale x-ray imaging in a wide range of applications, including materials science, biology, environmental science, cultural heritage, and industrial applications. Experiments involve both soft and hard x-rays Techniques include diffractive zone plate imaging, glancing angle reflective optics, multilayer coatings, novel optics and nanoscale 3D tomographic reconstructions.

This PF forms a part of the Chiron School 2010 which will be held at the Spring-8 on October 9-18 as a one of important activities of the Asia-Oceania Forum for Synchrotron Radiation Research.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been attracting a lot of attention lately as one of the most promising materials for developing transparent couductive oxides (TCO). However, there are some technical problems to overcome if it is to be used widely in industry, replacing the now commonly-used Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO). One of the obstacles is the not-so-high electrical conductivity of ZnO thin films as desired in many industrial applications. In this talk, I will describe our research to understand the origin of low conductivity in ZnO thin films by employing spectroscopic tools such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), uv photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) including near-edge structure (XANES) and extended fine structure (EXAFS).

Presentation file (PDF)

The ATP-dependent Lon protease, which has orthologs distributed in all kingdoms of life, is essential in bacteria and other microorganisms under stress conditions and is needed for survival of mammalian cells subjected to oxidative damage. Lon consists of a molecular chaperone belonging to the AAA+ family and a protease with a serine-lysine catalytic dyad encoded in tandem in a single polypeptide. Here, we report the 2.0 Å resolution crystal structure of Lon from Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 (TonLon). Six subunits of TonLon assemble into a cylindrical structure with a sequestered internal chamber harboring the proteolytic active sites accessible only through restricted axial channels. Alternating subunits exist in two different nucleotide states displaying different domain orientations and intersubunit contacts indicative of the ATP hydrolysis-coupled motions driving protein unfolding and translocation.

Low dimensional semiconductor lasers are believed to have better performance due to more concentrated density of states at the lowest energy. The dependence of optical spectra on the densities of electrons in a conduction band and holes in a valence band, which can be controlled by the excitation intensity, is of special importance for understanding lasing and nonlinear optical processes.
     We have conducted systematic studies on the optical properties of semiconductor quantum wires by using theoretical model calculation. The optical spectra of semiconductor quantum wires have been first theoretically investigated by means of Semiconductor Bloch Equations. A reduced band-gap renormalization has been found due to partial cancellation between gap shift and exciton binding energy. Furthermore we have demonstrated optical gain occurring at strong pumping regime and discussed its temperature dependence to clarify characteristics of quantum wire lasers in connection with dimensionality.
To clarify the excitonic correlation effects beyond Hartree-Fock approximation, we have applied a self-consistent T-matrix approach on the model with long-range Coulomb interactions. The presence of exciton is taken into account by including correlation between electrons and holes under the ladder approximation. The approach allows detailed discussions on spectra dependence on carrier density and temperature without introducing any phenomenological damping parameter. Knowledge on these optical characteristics may provide important information for developing quantum-wire laser devices.

Stronly correlated electron systems such as 3d transition metal oxides pose a difficult problem for electronic structure calculations. One of the recently proposed methods for dealing with such systems is the variational cluster approximation. After a brief explanation of the basic ideas behind this scheme, results for the photoemission spectra of NiO, CoO and MnO are compared to experiment and a discussion of the spin-state transition in LaCoO₃ is given.

The principle, experimental technique, data analysis, and applications of time-resolved X-ray diffraction and scattering to study spatiotemporal reaction dynamics of proteins in single crystals and solutions will be presented. X-ray crystallography, the major structural tool to determine 3D structures of proteins, can be extended to time-resolved X-ray crystallography with a laser-excitation and X-ray-probe scheme, and all the atomic positions in a protein can be tracked during their biological function. However time-resolved crystallography has been limited to a few model systems with reversible photocycles due to the stringent prerequisites such as highly-ordered and radiation-resistant single crystals and crystal packing constraints might hinder biologically relevant motions. These problems can be overcome by applying time-resolved X-ray diffraction directly to protein solutions rather than protein single crystals. To emphasize that structural information can be obtained from the liquid phase, this time-resolved X-ray solution scattering technique is named time-resolved X-ray liquidography in analogy to time-resolved X-ray crystallography where the structural information of reaction intermediates is obtained from the crystalline phase. By providing insights into the structural dynamics of proteins functioning in their natural environment, time-resolved X-ray liquidography complements and extends results obtained with time-resolved pectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

[1] H. Ihee, Acc. Chem. Res. (2009), 42, 356-366.
[2] M. Cammarata, M. Levantino, F. Schotte, P. A. Anfinrud, F. Ewald, J.
Choi, A. Cupane, M. Wulff, and H. Ihee, Nature Methods (2008), 5, 881-887.
[3] H. Ihee, M. Lorenc, T. K. Kim, Q. Y. Kong, M. Cammarata, J. H. Lee, S.
Bratos, and M. Wulff, Science (2005), 309, 1223-1227.
[4] H. Ihee, S. Rajagopal, V. Srajer, R. Pahl, S. Anderson, M. Schmidt, F.
Schotte, P. A. Anfintud, M. Wulff, and K. Moffat, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
(2005), 101, 7147-7150.

Ubiquitin regulates many celler processes as a post-translational modifier. Ubiquitin ligase attaches ubiquitin to the substrate (ubiquitilation) and deubiquitinase reverses ubiquitilation. Recently,
we solved the crystal structure of deubiquitinase. I will talk about the basic concept of ubiquitilation and deubiquitilation with our structure.

An X-ray Free Electron Laser Oscillator: Promises and Challenges
(Dr. Kwang-Je Kim/ANL)
【Abstract】Having seen proof that FEL principles work for hard x-rays for lCLS, it is time to seriously consider more advanced hard x-ray sources. An x-ray FEL oscillator (XFELO) promises to provide an extremely narrow bandwidth of a few meV (corresponding to 10-7 in relative bandwidth) with an average brightness higher by several orders of magnitude than, and peak brightness comparable to, the SASE XFEL. These capabilities will provide breakthrough opportunities in areas complementary to SASE XFELs as well as drastically enhance the capabilities of techniques developed at third-generation synchrotron radiation facilities-particularly those requiring high coherence and high spectral purity. The main technological challenges for XFELO are: an injector providing a continuous sequence of ultralow emittance, low intensity electron bunches at a few MHz repetition rate; high quality diamond crystals serving as the main mirrors for x-ray cavity; high-reflectivity grazing incidence, curved mirrors for controlling the transverse mode profile; tight tolerances for angular stability of the optical elements. We will present progresses in conceptual and experimental efforts to advance the state-of-the-arts in these topics.
Prezentation file（PDF)

A simulation of XFELO operating in a scheme of velocity bunching
(Dr. Nobuyuki Nishimori /JAEA)
【Abstract】 An X-ray synchrotron light source, a multi-GeV ERL, is one of the targets of our Japanese collaboration　towards future ERL light sources. As an option of the multi-GeV ERL, we consider an X-ray FEL oscillator (XFEL-O) to produce hard X-ray pulses with excellent temporal coherence. In this study, we present simulation results of the XFEL-O such as FEL lasing including spectral narrowing and nonlinear phase shift at Bragg reflectors. We also propose a scheme of velocity bunching in an ERL main linac for X-FELO operation. The velocity bunching brings significant enhancement of the small-signal gain and an X-FELO at 0.1 nm is feasible with a 5-GeV electron beam from the ERL light source planned in Japan.　
Presenation file(PDF)

Coffee break

Time resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments open new insights into materials and physics, in particular with the ever developing sources and detector systems. This presentation outlines some experiments I have performed, which are most fundamental for the further development in their specific field.　

The first part concentrates on the study of processes as they occur during thermo-mechanical processing. Fast, large-area 2D detectors are used to follow the grain statistics of a material in-situ on a sub-second time scale, while it is plastically deformed in a synchrotron beam. The different effects of lattice strain, subgrain formation, grain rotation, texture evolution, grain growth, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization can be distinguished beside the conventional analysis of phase transformations.

On the shorter time scales of micro- and nanoseconds, a stroboscopic experiment to study shock waves is presented. Ultrasonic waves were induced by a laser into a silicon single crystal and lattice strain was probed by a high resolution crystal diffractometer, revealing the time oscillations of the ultrasonic wave field. Probing different positions allowed to determine the speed of a shock front, traveling faster than the linear speed of sound, followed by other converted and conventional waves.

Last, it is reported on an X-ray optical experiment in which hard X-ray photons are stored for several nanoseconds in a crystal cavity. Semi-transparent mirrors allow to enter 100 ps pulses into the cavity and leave them delayed by multiple nanoseconds. Applications of this fundamental device lie in the range of X-ray interferometers, Fabry-Perot etalons, resonators for free electron lasers and delay lines.

It is anticipated, that experiments nowadays accessible on a relatively longer time scale become feasible in the near future on shorter time scales while it is important to prepare the way into this direction.

For the optimisation of the photon brilliance on the ESRF Synchrotron Light Beamlines the large majority of the 32 vacuum sectors of the e- Storage Ring has been equipped with flat, conductance-limited Insertion Device (ID) vacuum vessels made from aluminium extrusion. For chambers with an inner vertical aperture as low as 8mm the application of Non-Evaporable Getter (NEG) coating was the only way to archive acceptable Bremsstrahlung conditioning times, thus minimizing the downtime of the connected Beamline due to high radiation levels.

A current challenge in science and technology is to direct the functionality of matter at the relevant smaller scale, not only ultra-small size but also ultra-short time. Thus a femto-second laser pulse may induce spectacular collective and/or cooperative phenomena in the solid state. This can trigger the transformation of the material towards another macroscopic state of different electronic and/or structural order, for instance from non-magnetic to magnetic or from insulator to conductor. Besides different itinerant electron systems materials with multi-functional molecules which can switch between two states are also promising. The switching of molecules in a material triggered by a femtosecond light pulse ensues the new established field of femto-chemistry in solution where photo-chemical processes are essentially independent. The physical picture of the dynamics of this switching in molecular materials will be discussed. The key point is that in the solid state different degrees of freedom of different nature play their part on different time scales and the pathway is complex, from the molecular to material length and time scales. The discussion will be based on recent investigation of the structural dynamics in multifunctional spin crossover compounds which are prototypes of molecular bi-stability in the solid state. The time-resolved x-ray diffraction and optical results show the dynamics span from sub-pico-second molecular photo-switching followed by volume expansion (nanosecond) and thermal switching
(microsecond).

Many events orchestrate the life of a cell, including a multitude of specific chemical transformations, formation of organelles, movement of materials through specific trafficking, and more. To fully comprehend the relationships existing among the biological molecules responsible of such mechanisms, a large set of biophysical and biochemical techniques are used to complement data obtained from cell biology. With the increasing number of synchrotron facilities built worldwide, X-ray crystallography is becoming a highly popular approach that allows the study of biological samples at the atomic level.

In this presentation, I will attempt to introduce my views on protein X-ray crystallography and its future, based on a personal experience while dealing with challenging samples. Concrete examples will be highlighted in which a strong need of automation would have assisted a more efficient approach, either during sample manipulation, data acquisition, or structure phasing.
Inspired from such data, questions are emerging on how to progress toward a fully automated structural biology pipeline, already partly in place at the Structural Biology Research Center.

PETRA3 is undergoing machine studies at the moment in expectation of delivering beam to the 14 beam lines later in the year. Virtually all aspects of the old machine have been replaced from bottom to top. The control system for PETRA3 and pre-accelerators is TINE (release 4.1) and making extensive use of java console applications and the Common Device Interface (CDI) for the front ends. We will try to touch on the current status of all of these topics, with some emphasis on the generic diagnostic tools produced in collaboration with Cosylab.

I will review the status of plans for the renewal of APS and the R&D we are carrying out for future upgrade of the facility, and discuss the US context for next-generation light sources.

We investigate the light-induced phase separation in the light-induced
thermal hysteresis (LITH) loop of the [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 spin-crossover
(SC) solid. The spinodal decomposition studied here, was first indirectly
evidenced through magnetic measurements under light [1], and recently
confirmed by neutron diffraction studies [2], which brought a proof of a
macroscopic phase separation under light in the bistable area of the LITH
region. In the present work, we focuss on the microscopic physical mechanism
underlying the spinodal decomposition in SC solids under light. At this end,
we have performed a spatiotemporal analysis [3] in the frame of a coupled
map approach by using an extension of the kinetic version of the Ising-like
model, already improved in the description of the equilibrium and
nonequilibrium properties of SC materials. This approach is based on the
resolution of the master equation locally, leading to analyze in details the
conditions of occurrence of the phase separation and self-organization under
light in SC solids. Moreover, from the calculations of the autocorrelation
function, we were able to determine the time dependence of the mean value of
the domain size during the growth and found dynamic growth exponents from 0.
25 to 0.33, evidencing an effective diffusion-driven phase separation of an
HS-LS mixture into HS rich and LS-rich phases. A fine analysis of our data
show that in the spinodal region, the SC solids under light react as systems
with conserved order parameter, which is due to the existence of a subtle
balance between the optical and thermal processes.

Modelled closely on CERN and developed under the auspices of UNESCO, SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) will be a major international research centre in the Middle East / Mediterranean region, promoting peace and understanding through scientific cooperation. It will have as its centrepiece a synchrotron light source originating from BESSY I, given as a gift by Germany. The facility is located in Allaan, Jordan, 30 km North-West of Amman.

Jordan has provided the site & funds for the recently completed building.
The BESSY I 0.8 GeV injection system is currently being installed. A new 2.5 GeV 3rd Generation Light Source has been designed. With an emittance of 26 nmrad and 12 places for insertion devices, it will provide light from the far infra-red to hard X-rays for a wide range of studies, including those addressing environmental and biomedical issues of relevance to the region. SESAME offers excellent opportunities for the training of Middle East scientists and attracts those working abroad to return. As of November, 2008 the members of the SESAME Council are Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, and Turkey. Members provide the annual operating budget. More are expected to join. Plans for initial beam lines include MAD Protein Crystallography, SAXS & WAXS for Polymers and Proteins, Powder Diffraction for Material science, UV/VUV/SXR Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Photoabsporption Spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy & EXAFS. Beamline equipment has been donated by the Daresbury Laboratory in the UK, the LURE laboratory in France, the Swiss Light Source, and the Advanced Light Source and SLAC in the US. Some beamlines will be built by Member countries. Additional funds to purchase components of the new ring and beamlines are being sought from the EU, Japan, the US & other sources. A training program for accelerator technology, beamlines, and applications is underway, with funding from IAEA, the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, the US Department of Energy, synchrotron radiation laboratories around the world, and other sources. Five scientific workshops and seven annual Users’ meetings have brought together hundreds of scientists from the region. A Director, Scientific Director, Technical Director, Administrative Director and a staff of 18 engineers and scientists plus administrators are on board. Four Advisory Committees work with the staff to develop the technical design, beam lines, & the scientific programs.
For more details see: http://www.sesame.org.jo 　

Nudaurelia Capensis omega Virus (NwV) is a member of Tetravirus, T=4 non-
enveloped icosahedral ssRNA viruses. The virus like particles (VLPs) of NwV coat
protein were expressed and purified at neutral pH as procapsid particles (Diameter =
480 %ュ,. Procapsids transit to capsids (420 %ュ, with auto-proteolysis when the pH is
lowered to < 5.2.
In present studies, the wild-type VLPs were immediately frozen at different time
points after lowering pH from 7.6 to 5.0. Electron cryo-microscopy and single-particle
reconstruction techniques were than used to solve the particle structures at the
various time points. Difference density maps were computed and were interpreted
with the crystal structure and biological data. The results reveal the sequence in
which cleavage site formation occurs and illustrates the process of pseudo T=4
icosahedron formation in NwV.

Diamond Light Source is the new third generation synchrotron light source in Oxfordshire, UK. It offers a wide range of experimental techniques for physical and life sciences. In total six beamlines are dedicated to macromolecular crystallography. The first three phase I beamlines have been operational for more than a year. The microfocus MX beamline has accepted first users in August 2008 and the monochromatic side station is schedule for spring 2009. Additionally, Diamond is going to build a dedicated long-wavelength beamline to exploit the possibilities for sulphur SAD phasing. The talk will give an overview on the status of the phase I beamlines, show some latest commissioning results of the microfocus beamline and discuss ideas about the long-wavelength beamline.

After a reminder of the Bayes-Turchin approach to data analysis in general, its application to x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and magnetic x-ray absorption (MEXAFS) data is discussed in the framework of the multiple scattering path expansion.

Femtosecond laser excitation of the near-surface region of an optically opaque solid can create unique transient conditions that are far from thermal equilibrium. The properties of the resulting non-equilibrium state can be very different from those of more familiar thermodynamic phases. To
better understand the structural evolution of laser-excited materials, we have used highly asymmetric femtosecond x-ray diffraction to observe the atomic motion in single crystals of bismuth and tellurium on time scales faster than their optical phonon periods. We observe coherent and incoherent structural dynamics that change as a function of distance from the surface of the crystal that give new insights into the electron-phonon interaction in these materials.

We designed artificial models of biological membranes by deposition of synthetic glycolipid membrane multilayers on planar silicon substrates. In contrast to commonly used phospholipid membranes, this offers the unique possibility to study the influence of membrane-bound saccharide chains (cell glycocalix) on the membrane mechanics. Taking advantage of the planar sample geometry, we carried out specular and off-specular neutron scattering experiments to identify out-of-plane and in-plane scattering vector components.
By considering effects of finite sample sizes, we were able to simulate the measured two-dimensional reciprocal space maps within the framework of smectic liquid crystal theory. The results obtained both at controlled humidity and in bulk water clearly indicate that a subtle change in the molecular chemistry of the saccharides strongly influences inter-membrane interactions and membrane bending rigidities.

Positive muon implantation into condensed matter leads to the generation of a variety of paramagnetic states including interstitial muonium, bond-center states, shallow defects, and molecular radicals. These are distinguished by characteristic values of the components of the muon-electron hyperfine coupling tensor. Consequently, a full understanding of the structures and dynamics of these states requires the accurate calculation of energy surfaces and hyperfine tensor parameters. Since the development of density functional theory, this has become considerably less challenging than in the past for simple systems such as organic molecular radicals. However, recent experimental studies have focused on systems of much greater complexity, such as radicals formed from molecules bound in zeolite environments, caged muonium in silsesquioxanes, and the still-puzzling paramagnetic states observed in elemental sulfur and the other chalcogens.
Calculations on several of these systems are presented, with discussion of the particular problems raised in each case, and a comparison of muonium and hydrogen data where available.

A third generation 3 GeV synchrotron facility has been constructed and recently commissioned in Melbourne, Australia. First experiments were conducted in July 2007. Some 9 beamlines have been either commissioned or are under construction. Recent progress will be discussed as well as the
plans for future beamlines and experiments. Details about the Australian Synchrotron are available at http://www.synchrotron.vic.gov.au

In the rapidly developing field of organic electronics, many elementary processes behind the transport of charge carriers within the bulk of the materials and at interfaces are only partially understood. In this presentation, I review our recent studies of parameters essential for the charge transport in well-defined mono- and multilayer films of polyaromatic molecules, using (angle-resolved) ultraviolet photoelectron and resonant photoelectron spectroscopic techniques. In particular, the intramolecular charge-vibrational coupling related to the geometric relaxation accompanying a charge, the dynamic screening of individual charge carriers, the intermolecular band width related to the charge transfer integral, as well as structure-and orbital-dependent femtosecond charge transfer processes at organic/inorganic interfaces are discussed.

For more than 25 years, Germany’s national metrology institute PTB uses synchrotron radiation of the storage rings BESSY I and BESSY II for fundamental and applied photon metrology in the spectral range from UV radiation to X-rays.
From 2008 till 2010, the activities in the lower photon energy range will be extended towards the infrared and terahertz regime and successively transferred to PTB’s Willy-Wien Laboratory and the new synchrotron radiation facility Metrology Light Source (MLS) which has started user operation in April 2008.

The work is based on (a) source-based radiometry using a storage ring as a primary source standard of calculable synchrotron radiation, (b) detector-based radiometry by means of cryogenic radiometers as primary detector standards, and (c) reflectometry. Current applications refer to the calibration of space instruments, testing optical components and materials within the framework of microlithography, standard-free X-ray fluorescence analysis, characterization of thin films, and photon diagnostics for X-ray lasers.

For the soft X-ray Free-electron LASer (FEL) in Hamburg FLASH, gas-monitor detectors for the online determination of FEL pulse energy were developed which are based on atomic photoionization.
In this context, also the limits of linear and the mechanisms of non-linear photon-matter interaction in the soft X-ray regime were studied on rare gases from a fundamental point of view.
The talk will give an overview of PTB’s activities in the field of photon metrology using synchrotron and FEL radiation.

National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) is a 3-GeV, 792-meter circumference, high-flux and high-brightness synchrotron radiation facility to be constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. It will replace the existing NSLS, a two-decade old 2nd-generation light source. To deliver photon beams with < 1 nm spatial resolution and 0.1meV energy resolution for the users, NSLS II will have extremely high brightness, flux and stability; and ultra low emittance of ? 1 nm- rad. These stringent requirements and their impact on vacuum systems, as compared with other 3rd generation light sources, will be described. The design of the storage ring and the vacuum systems will be presented, with emphasis on beam vacuum chamber design, material selection, pump arrangement-versus-pressure variation, photon beam tracking and absorber positioning. Fabrication and evaluation of the extruded aluminum chamber prototypes will also be described.

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF), a third-generation light source, comprises a 3.5-GeV eelctron storage ring, a full energy booster, a 150 MeV linac, and seven beamlines in phase I of this project.

Beginning at the end of 2004 with groundbreaking ceremony, the accelerators were installed in 10 months from November 2006, and were successfully tested and commissioned in the past a couple of months. On December 21,2007, storing electron beams was realized, and a first synchrotron radiation light was observed 3 days later at the BL16B front-end. Now it runs 3 GeV 100 mA beams with a life time of 8-10 hours. Meanwhile, construction of the first seven beamlines ( 5 ID and 2 bending magnet beamlines) is progressing on schedule.

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) as a third generation light source aims at providing powerful X-rays to the Chinese SR users in a variety of research fields. The SSRF complex consists of three main parts: a full energy injector including a 150MeV linac and a 3.5GeV booster, a 3.5GeV storage ring and the beam lines and experimental end stations.

In Sept.2006, the buildings construction is completed. The SSRF project changes over to equipment installation and commissioning stage. The equipment and components of Linac, booster and storage ring have been manufactured and assembled. Before the unitary commissioning, the commissioning of the three subsystem is progressed separately. Up to 15 Jan.2008, the 100mA current is obtained in the storage ring.

Light tuning of the charge and/or spin states of molecules in a solid material is a promising target. Contrary to dilute solutions, all the constituent molecule in solids can be photoactive, and the medium is not passive but active. In other words, due to cooperative intermolecular interactions, light can induce self-amplification and self-organization processes, offering the possibility for the material to be directed between different electronic and structural order, a so-called photo-induced phase transition. This opens new avenues for light-control of various photoswitchable functions (magnetic, optical, conduction,…), with some direct consequences for future developments communication and information technologies.

Another step is the possibility to directly observe in real time the assembly of molecules moving and transforming by using the emerging fast and ultra-fast X-ray scattering techniques. In this talk I will give a small overview of new concepts which can be proposed for this emerging field. This will be illustrated by two situations in relation with the recent results obtained by the progress in X-ray and optical techniques under cw or pulsed laser excitation: - first, the photo-steady state of spin transition with respect to the strength of cooperative interactions (crossover or phase separation) which provides a new kind of non-linear chemical dynamics (self-organization, bistability,…); - the use of ultra-short laser pulse to trigger ultra-fast photo-induced phase transition in charge-transfer and spin transition materials which represents a next step ensuing the now established field of femtochemistry A fascinating feature is to directly observe the change from coherent deterministic dynamics at ultra-short time to stochastic thermal kinetics after the lattice thermalization.

Many of there results presented in this talk was obtained within the Non-equilibrium Dynamics ERATO/JST project.

General references
1.　Photoinduced Phase Transitions, K. Nasu ed., World Scientific (2004).
2.　Photo-Induced Phase Transition and their Dynamics, S. Koshihara and M.Kuwata-Gonokami eds, special topics in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 75, 011001-011008 (2006).

Australian use of synchrotron radiation research techniques has grown steadily since the early 1990’s via access to overseas facilities provided by theAustralian Synchrotron Research Program (ASRP). A fast developing and maturing synchrotron user community has grown up around the ASRP facilities at the Photon Factory, the APS and the NSRRC. The ASRP program at the Photon Factory, centered on the Australian National Beamline Facility (BL20B) has been particularly important and productive, and continues to host over 50 research groups each year. The logical next step to this successful “suitcase science” program was the construction of a synchrotron light source facility in Australia.

The Australian Synchrotron is a 3 GeV third generation facility, which is located adjacent to Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria. The storage ring has been operating since 2006, and the first user experiments began in 2007. The project funding included an initial suite of nine beamlines including dedicated Protein Crystallography, EXAFS, powder diffraction, SAXS/WAXS, micro-beam and soft X-ray spectroscopy beamlines. The first five beamlines were assembled in early 2007,and are now either operational or undergoing advanced commissioning. The remaining four beamlines are under construction and will be delivered in mid-2008.

An overview of the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) facility, scientific program, and user and publication statistics will be given first. It will be followed by recent scientific highlights selected from life sciences, chemical and physical sciences as well as applied sciences; the detector and optics development effort; and the planning for the near future at the NSLS. The second part of the talk will be focused on the development of free electron laser, intense Tera-Hz radiation and ultra-fast electron diffraction at the source development laboratory of the NSLS. The third part of the talk will be focused on NSLS-II project, including the motivation and scientific goals, the current design of the storage ring, beamline planning and the status of the project.

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) is used to probe local structures of condensed matters, and provides the quantitative local structural information around an element species in a complex material. The general performance of U7C-XAFS station of National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) will be introduced in detail.

The XAFS studies on GaN- and ZnO-based dilute magnetic semiconductors show the occupation sites of Mn and Co atoms in a variety of GaN- and ZnO-based DMS materials prepared by different methods such as MBE, CVD, PLD and sol-gel method. It indicates that at low doping concentrations, the dopants Mn and Co are substitutionally incorporated into the host lattice; at higher Mn and Co doping concentrations, the metal clusters and secondary phases are formed. The structural results are well correlated with the observed magnetic properties and are helpful for understanding the complicated nature of the magnetic interactions in DMSs. The studies on the self-assembled GeSi quantum dots (QDs) grown on Si(001) substrate by multiple-scattering (MS) EXAFS reveal that the degree of Ge-Si intermixing for Ge-Si QDs strongly depends on the temperature.

The compressively strained nature of the QDs is discussed in detail, demonstrating that the MS-EXAFS provides detailed information on the QDs strain and the Ge-Si mixing beyond the nearest neighbors.

Advanced imaging and ultrafast science are two areas of application for synchrotron radiation which demand new capabilities from storage ring sources like the APS. I will discuss our R&D plans for an Energy-Recovery LINAC upgrade to the APS, which promises to revolutionize these areas while still preserving the high average flux and multi-user capabilities of a third-generation source.　

We shall discuss synchrotron x-ray scattering results that help us to understand nature of ordering of gold nanoparticles in solid surface, liquid surface and liquid-liquid interfaces. X-ray reflectivity and diffuse scattering results will be presented to discuss out-of-plane and in-plane ordering. Apart from basic research these studies are important to form compace monolayer films of nanoparticles for various applications in nanotechnology.

Under preparation.

Even very recently, a lot of problems in chemistry and physics requesting precise structural investigations by neutron scattering, were out of reach, especially when only very small samples were available or when a very systematic study e.g. versus an external control parameter such as temperature, was needed, in both cases because too highly prohibitive in beamtime. Henceforth, work with small single crystals, rapid crystallography or reciprocal space surveying are possible thanks to the recent developments of neutron Laue diffraction and in particular to instruments like VIVALDI at the Institut Laue-Langevin. After a brief presentation of this class of neutron diffraction instruments, several topical examples on magnetic structure determination, photomagnetic commutation and related structural modifications or on the latest chemical trends will be presented.

We will give a brief overview of the TINE control system including the
most recent features and supported platforms such as the LabView API,
the ACOP family of java beans, and the Common Device Interface (CDI) for
accessing the hardware layer. We will also contrast it to some other
known systems such as EPICS and show how it is used to great effect at
the current generation of accelerators at DESY (TTF2, HERA, PETRA, DORIS
and pre-accelerators), at Zeuthen (PITZ) and at EMBL and GKSS Hamburg
(beam line control).

I discuss the general notion of time focusing of neutron scattering instruments at pulsed neutron sources. I provide examples in powder and single crystal diffraction, deep inelastic scattering and near-backscattering crystal analyzer spectroscopy.

Photosynthesis is one of the most important biological reactions on　 Earth. It provides all of the oxygen we breathe and, ultimately, all the food we eat. Purple photosynthetic bacteria have proved to be excellent model systems in which to study the light reactions of photosynthesis. Their light reactions usually begin with the absorption of a photon by the light harvesting (LH) or antenna system. This absorbed energy is then rapidly and efficiently transferred to the reaction center (RC), where it is used to initiate cyclic electron transport between the RC, cytochrome b/c1, and cytochrome c, producing a proton gradient that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase and ultimately converts solar energy into useful chemical energy. These reactions take place in the photosynthetic unit, the PSU, located in the photosynthetic membrane, where the RC is surrounded by two types of antenna complexes, called LH1 and LH2. The LH1 antenna forms a stoichiometric complex with the RC, called the RC-LH1 core complex, while the LH2 antennas are located around the core.

Our crystallographic studies of the PSU of the purple non-sulphur bacteria include determinations of LH2 structure from Rhodopseudomonas (Rps.) acidophila and the structure of RC-LH1 core complex from Rps. palustris. We have also determined structures of several mutants of RC from Rhodobacter (Rb.) sphaeroides to study properties of electron transfer, and structures of the carotenoidless mutant R26.1 of RC either without carotenoid or reconstituted with either natural carotenoid spheroidene or synthetic 3,4-dihydrospheroidene. Most recently we have determined several structures of RC cocrystallised with brominated lipids or detergents in order to study lipid binding sites on the hydrophobic surface of RC. Some of the above structures will be presented in my talk in detail. (For further information, please contact S. Adachi.)

Accurate determination of molecular structures has been one of the most
challenging and enduring subject in chemistry, especially the intermediates
with very short lifetime. Hard x-ray photons produced from synchrotron with
a wavelength of less than one angstrom can interact with not only the outer
shell but also the core electrons that directly indicate molecular geometry,
the x-ray diffraction is thus a powerful method to determine molecular
structures in both crystal and liquid phases. Time-resolved x-ray
diffraction that combines the spatial and temporal measurements can resolve
the molecular geometries of short-lived intermediates and free radicals in a
chemical reaction. In the talk, the optical pump and x-ray probe setup in
ID09 ESRF is introduced firstly, then the photodissociation reaction of
tetrabromomethane (CBr4) dissolved in methanol is used as an example to show
how the intermediate molecular structures are determined and the chemical
reaction processes are followed by this technique.

X-ray refractive optical lens systems have been successfully elaborated,
designed, fabricated at the Institute for Microstructure Technology at
the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Germany) using LIGA technology in
recent years. The lenses are structured in a SU-8 polymer. The
capability of the LIGA technique to create an arbitrary profile of the
focusing microstructures allow the fabrication of lenses with different
curvature radius of parabolic geometry, minimized absorption and a large
depth of focus. Also a set of planar lens systems on one substrate can
be realized with 17 lenses providing identical focal distances for
different X-ray energies from 2 to over 100 keV. Nickel lenses
fabricated by electroforming using polymer templates can be applied for
energies larger than 80 keV. The parabolic crossed lenses are used for
2D nano focusing of monochromatic beams. The quasi-parabolic crossed
lenses with a submicron focus and a focus depth of the centimetre range
can be used as an achromatic system. Mosaic truncated parabolic lenses
with a focusing aperture up to 1 mm are made to increase the X-ray
intensity in the focused spot.

SSLS is in the routine operation with five beamlines since November 2003. Recent applications are related to micro/nano-fabrication, material science and the development of fourth generation synchrotron radiation sources. There is also a strong interest in Singapore in development and applications of synchrotron radiation in biology and medicine. The speaker has been involved in several new projects at SSLS, such as:
・High resolution and high sensitivity X-ray microscopy/microprobe. The old saying that ＜seeing is believingｃ has particular resonance for studying biological systems. Since 1677, when Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a simple light microscope to discover single cell organisms, scientists have relied on structural information obtained from microscopes with improving capabilities to advance understandings of how cells and biological systems work. In recent years, increasingly powerful imaging methods have provided more detailed views of biological systems. Recent results achieved at an existing phase contrast imaging and tomography (PCIT) beamline at the Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS) have shown that imaging with resolution down to 0.7 シm of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) imaging could be extremely useful tool for different materials characterization, including biomaterials. The author will spend some time discussing future program for high resolution (down to 50 nm) at SSLS.

・Single cell irradiation system. While in Singapore he has been also involved in the development and applications of high resolution live cell high irradiation facilities with X-rays & ions which also will be discussed.
・Development of new detectors. Detectors used for detecting X-rays, ions and electrons play an important role in science and industry. The old detectors are being replaced recently by new generation detectors. The use of new nanomaterials as a material of choice for development of new detectors is a new concept.

During the functioning of the lithium batteries, the electrode materials have to accommodate reversibly extra electrons and lithium atoms. This induces charge transfers and structural changes which may influence largely the behaviour of the electrodes and the performances of the batteries. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) has proved to be very efficient in characterizing the changes in the materials, in both the XANES and EXAFS parts.
After an introduction of the lithium batteries and the electrode materials, we will exemplify the power of XAS on three different compounds : LiNiVO4, Li1.1V3O8 and -MnO2. We will especially put in evidence the interest of a combination between the XAS data and first principles calculations of electronic structure and total energy.

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is a 7-GeV storage ring x-ray　source with 46 operating beamlines, and over 3200 unique users each year working in areas of science from engineering to medicine. In this talk I will describe the current state of the facility and highlight the science today, and in the future. In particular, I will discuss plans to upgrade the capabilities of APS.

An overview will be given of the development of the life sciences programme at the ESRF since the facility became operational in 1994. Structural Biology comprises a very important component and the number of stations dedicated to macromolecular crystallography has grown from a half to seven over the past twelve years. Instrumentation development, automation and standardisation have been the keywords for the most recent developments of the macromolecular crystallography beamlines, not only at the ESRF but also at the European level. Another trend is the need for ancillary measurements in connection with the data collection, and for advanced laboratory facilities for all facets of structural biology adjacent to the synchrotron. The increasing crossfertilisation between the research in soft condensed matter and in structural biology represents a valuable development for both research areas. SAXS, WAXS, GID measurements will be used more in structural biology. In the future it can be expected that the application of imaging techniques (microscopy, coherent diffraction imaging) will be important to increase the knowledge in structural biology at the cellular level.

Synchrotron radiation has profoundly influenced the field of macromolecular　biology. Technological developments over the last decades have enabled new opportunities for rapid structure determination (structural genomics and proteomics) as well as the observation of short-lived structural intermediates during protein reactions. Utilizing the timing structure of the 3rd generation synchrotron radiation sources the laser pump - x-ray probe method was demonstrated in the early nineties, and developed to a mature technique with ~100ps time resolution in the following decade.
Meanwhile it has been successfully applied to numerous systems, e.g. the study of CO photo-dissociation and protein relaxation in myoglobin, the allosteric transition in hemoglobin (HbI), the photocycle of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) and catalytic reaction mechanism of various enzymes.

In this presentation I will provide a brief overview of the development of time-resolved crystallography, describe the present efforts at BioCARS Sector-14 at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), and discuss the challenges and opportunities for this technique at the next generation light sources.

Time-resolved macromolecular crystallography is reaching a mature phase with demonstrated ability to detect small structural changes on ns and sub-ns time scale [1-6] and with important advances in the analysis of time-resolved crystallographic data, such as the use of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method to determine the structures of intermediates and elucidate the reaction mechanism [3-4]. We present results of ns time-resolved crystallographic studies of heme proteins: allosteric action in real time in cooperative dimeric hemoglobin and structural relaxation processes in myoglobin [1]. These pump-probe experiments were conducted at the BioCARS beamline 14-ID at the Advanced Photon Source (USA).

[1] Schmidt et al. PNAS 102 (33) 11704-11709 (2005);
[2] Ihee et al. PNAS 102 7145-7150 (2005);
[3] Rajagopal et al. Structure 13, 55-63 (2005);
[4] Schmidt et al. PNAS, 101, 4799-4804 (2004);
[5] Schotte et al. Science 300, 1944 (2003);
[6] Srajer et al. Biochemistry 40, 13802 (2001).

Through the advancement of computational methods, prediction of transient molecular structures has become relatively easy. In addition, molecular dynamics is now routinely studied on femtosecond time scales using various spectroscopies. However, typical spectroscopic methods cannot provide direct structural information of all nuclear coordinates involved in such dynamical processes, and direct experimental verification of such structures of short lifetime is difficult. Currently, the only available method that provides both direct structural information of atomic scale and ultrafast time
resolution of sub-picosecond and picosecond is time-resolved diffraction by either electrons or x-rays. Here we report direct structural observation of the long-sought bridged radical in solution using time-resolved liquid-phase x-ray diffraction. The structural dynamics spanning picosecond to
microsecond time scale has been experimentally determined in unprecedented structural details. In addition, we further extended this technique to study protein structural dynamics in solution. We obtained time-resolved SAXS (small angle x-ray diffraction) data from model proteins such as myoglobin and hemoglobin and preliminary analysis showed that the 3D structural changes of proteins can be monitored by time-resolved x-ray diffraction even in solution.

References:
1. Ihee et al. "Direct Imaging of Transient Molecular Structures with　Ultrafast Diffraction" Science (2001) 291, 458.
2. Ihee et al. "Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction of Transient Molecular　Structures in Solution" Science (2005) 309, 1223.

Core-to-valence transitions of molecular clusters containing pyridine are investigated in the C 1s- and the N 1s-regime. The vibrationally resolved 1s->πbands show in clusters the same shape as in the isolated molecule, but in the case of C 1s-excited pyridine clusters there is a redshift relative to the bare molecules of 110 meV and 60 meV, respectively. In contrast, there is a blueshift of 60 meV in small N 1s-excited pyridine clusters.

The experiments have been performed at the UE52-SGM beam line of the electron storage ring BESSY II (Berlin, Germany). Free clusters are prepared by adiabatic expansion of gas mixtures, using the seeded beam technique [1]. The samples are expanded through a nozzle (d = 50 μm) at room temperature (T0 = 300 K), so that most of the gas phase consists of seed gas. The cluster jet is shaped by a 500 μm skimmer. Finally, it is crossed with the beam of monochromatic soft X-rays in the ionization region of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, where the cations are separated and detected. This approach allows us to measure reliably small energy shifts between the molecules and clusters.

The experimental results are assigned in comparison with ab initio calculations were the core-excited molecules and clusters are calculated using the GSCF3 package [2, 3]. We found that each element-selectively excited site within a cluster contributes to a distinct energy shift relative to the bare molecule, where the structure of the cluster plays an important role. Summation over all sites of the same element allows us to make a comparison with the experimental energy shifts. It is found that these can be related to structural properties of clusters, where the number of intermolecular neighbors in a cluster contributes significantly to the energy shift of the absorbing site, which is similar to recent work on benzene clusters [4]. This allows us to derive an assignment of site-specific spectral shifts in molecular clusters containing aromatic molecules as well as gas-to-solid shifts.

References

[1] R.E. Smalley, L. Wharton, and D.H. Levy, Acc. Chem. Res. 10, 13, (1977).
[2] N. Kosugi and H. Koroda, Chem. Phys. Lett. 74, 490, (1980)
[3] N. Kosugi, Theoret. Chim. Acta, 72, 149 (1987)
[4] I.L. Bradeanu, R. Flesch, N. Kosugi, A.A. Pavlychev, and E. Rühl, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8, 1906 (2006). DOI: 10.1039/b517199g.

The structures of substrate/layer, layer/layer, and layer/air interfaces in optical multilayers made using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) have been probed for the first time using neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity. The basic principle of the reflectivity will be discussed and the benefit of using both of the reflectivities will be emphasized.
From the point of view of optical applications the interfaces are extremely sharp, sharper than is often achievable with the self-assembly of block copolymers or deposition techniques in which the polymer layers contact while in a fluid state. The average interface width, aI, between layers made from different precursors is about 40 Angstrom (16 Angstrom rms). The layer/layer interfaces are generally 2-3 times broader than the layer/air interfaces. Polymeric fluorocarbon films deposited on a Si substrate using PECVD with octafluorocyclobutane (OFCB) monomer show uniform scattering length density with depth except for a region of molecular thickness immediately adjacent to the substrate. Films made from deuterated benzene show uniform density throughout the film thickness.

Reference
H. Kim, M. D. Foster, H. Jiang, S. Tullis, T. J. Bunning, C. F. majkrzak, Polymer 45 (2004) 3175.

Confining water in lab synthesized nanoporous silica matrices MCM-41-S with pore diameters in the range of 10 to 18 Å, we have been able to study the molecular dynamics of water in deeply supercooled states, from 350 K down to 200 K, including a range of temperatures inaccessible to bulk water.. Using two high-resolution quasielastic neutron scattering instruments available in NIST CNR and analyzing the data with a new relaxing cage model formulated by us, we determined the temperature variation of the average translational relaxation time and its Q-dependence. We find a clear evidence of an abrupt change of the temperature dependence of the relaxation time from a non-Arrhenius to an Arrhenius behavior at T = 225 K, which we interprete as the predicted fragile-to-strong liquid-liquid transition in supercooled water. Our more recent inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the librational density of states indicate that the transition is related to the structural change of the hydrogen-bond cage around the water molecule.

Collaborators: A. Faraone (MIT), L. Liu (MIT), C.-Y. Mou (NTU), C.-W. Yen (NTU)

A major advance in recent years has occurred in the determination of crystal structures ab initio from powder diffraction data. Two approaches for determination of molecular crystal structures will be discussed and compared: simulated annealing and grid search which were developed by V.V.Chernyshev in laboratory of Structural Chemistry of Moscow University in close collaboration with Prof.H.Schenk (Amsterdam). A few examples will be considered including unexpected molecular structure of 2,4-dinitro-N-phenyl-6(phenylazo)-benzamide and related compounds. Spectroscopic methods produced incorrect starting model of molecular structure for mentioned compound but grid search built a real molecular structure. It was found that solution of the crystal structure depends on grid increment and grid search is more reliable than simulated annealing.

We propose a theoretical framework for macroscopic quantum entanglement based on the crystal symmetry and the Pauli principle. Scattering functions calculated for neutron diffraction by entangled double-lines of protons in one dimension, or entangled grating structures in two dimensions, or entangled sublattice of protons in three dimensions compare favorably with observations. Some consequences to paradoxes at the heart of quantum mechanics are discussed: non locality, theory of measurement, boundary between quantum and classical worlds, Schršinger's Cat, etc.

Research and Development Center for Materials Science and Technology (RDCMST), instead of Materials Science Research Center after the reorganization of Batan establihed at January 2001. The main activity of the center is to carry out the research and development of materials science. For that, the center have equipped with some neutron facilities and supported by others non-neutronic facilities. In this presentation it will be described about the Organization Structure of Batan,Organization Structure of RDCMST, Human Resources at RDCMST, Facilities and Current Research Activities. However, in this occasion it will be discussed mainly about current research activities at Advanced Materials Science Division, related to the magnetic, superionic and superconductor materials.

Dr. Cavalleri investigates time-resolved analysis of phase transition and related phenomena along with the development of the ultra-fast optical measurements and structural analysis. For examples, the propagation of the strain wave generated in GaAs crystals by laser irradiation was analyzed by means of the x-ray diffraction having the time-resolution of within 10 psec; the photo-induced insulator-to-metal transition in VO2 was examined with the reflection spectra and x-ray diffraction with the time-resolution of within 100 fsec. The European Science Foundation awarded him the first" European Young Investigator Award". In the occasion of his visiting to Japan, we will have his lecture, in which the techniques having more superior time-resolution will be described.

　Although linear polarization analysis of the diffracted x-ray beam has become a routine method, especially in magnetic x-ray scattering, experimental conditions are still far away from perfection. This is even more true for the use of x-ray phase plates, which may be employed to change the polarization of the incident beam.
　This talk will discuss recent developments on the technical, experimental and　theoretical side, and it will outline the remaining challenges that need to be addressed in the near future. To show an example where x-ray diffraction with polarization analysis significantly improved our understanding of a sample, I will present our recent results on NpO2.

　Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements of the vortex lattice　in single crystal and powder samples of MgB2 - a two band superconductor, are presented. SANS is a powerful method allowing us to measure directly the distribution of vortex separations　and hence the anisotropy of the penetration depth, γλ. Single crystal results show the expected　rise of　γλwith applied field as the weaker, almost isotropic, p-band is suppressed. Results from　the powder samples do not show as significant a rise in　γλ with field. We believe this originates from　'averaged' properties of the penetration depth experienced by vortices in each multi-crystallite　powder grain.

[Reference]
1）Experimental Evidence for Anisotropic Double-Gap Behavior in MgB2, PRL 90 (2003) 157002.
2）Effects of Two-Band Superconductivity on the Flux-Line Lattice in Magnesium Diborid.

Proteins are engaged in a myriad of tasks that are essential to life. These tasks are carried out with exquisite selectivity and efficiency, the likes of which are extremely difficult to duplicate in artificial model systems. To gain a mechanistic understanding into how proteins execute their designed function, it is crucial to know how their structures evolve over time. We have developed the method of pico-second time-resolved macromolecular crystallography on the ID09B beam-line at the European Synchrotron and Radiation Facility, and used this technique to determine protein structures with 150-ps time resolution and < 2-? spatial resolution. We used myoglobin (Mb), a ligand-binding heme protein found in muscle, as a model system for probing protein-mediated ligand migration. In these experiments, pico-second laser pulses triggered CO dissociation from Mb and time- delayed X-ray pulses took "snapshot"of the protein structure. A series of snapshots were stitched together into a movie to unveil in atomic detail the correlated conformational changes that influence the rates and pathways of ligand migration. We studied both wild-type and the L29F mutant [1] of Mb. This mutation enhances the oxygen binding affinity by about an order of magnitude, and slows its rate of auto-oxidation by a comparable amount [2]. Moreover, it accelerates the expulsion of toxic CO from the primary docking site by nearly 3 orders of magnitude. A side-by-side comparison of wild-type and L29F structural dynamics unveils the origins for the dramatically different CO migration dynamics.

References
[1] - F. Schotte, M. Lim, T.A. Jackson, A.V. Smirnov, J. Soman, J.S. Olson, G.N. Phillips, Jr., M. Wulff, and P.A. Anfinrud, Science, 300, 1944 (2003).
[2] - T. E Carver, R. E Brantley, Jr., E. W. Singleton, R. M. Arduini, M. L. Quillin, G. N. Phillips, Jr., J. S. Olson, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 14443 (1992)

Low-dimensional quantum antiferromagnetism is characterized by the weakness The recent experimental research progress of nanostructures under ions irradiation will be reported.
The molecular dynamics computation predicted that ion irradiation could also join single-walled carbon nanotubes[1]. Employing carbon ion irradiation on multi-walled carbon nanotubes, we find that the various molecular junctions of amorphous nanowires are formed by welding from crossed carbon nanotubes during the process. It demonstrates that ion-beam irradiation could be an effective way not only for the welding of nanotubes but also for the formation of nanowire junctions[2].
A simple way for the transformation of CNTs to nanocrystalline diamond has been developed[3]. Structural phase transformation from multi-walled carbon nanotubes to nanocrystalline diamond by hydrogen plasma post-treatment was carried out.
Single crystalline diamond nanorods with diameters of 4~8 nm and with lengths up to 200 nm have been successfully synthesized by hydrogen plasma post-treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes[4].

[1] A.V.Krasheninnikov et al, Phys. Rev. B66 (2002) 245403
[2] Z.X.Wang et al. Phys.Lett. A324(2004) 321
[3] L.T.Sun et al. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 84, No.15 (2004) 2901
[4] L.T.Sun et al. Advanced Materials accepted 2004

Low-dimensional quantum antiferromagnetism is characterized by the weakness or even absence of long-range order. Thus one has to deal with so-called spin liquids. The elementary excitations of such systems have mostly spin S=1; they are triplons [1]. We calculate the dispersion of such triplons and the resulting spectral functions of dimerized spin chains [2], of spin ladders [3] and of coupled spin ladders. The results are relevant for inelastic neutron scattering and inelastic light scattering and for optical absorption.
In particular, we show how the result for a one-dimensional system can be extended to a quasi one-dimensional systems by perpendicular couplings. The magnetic structure factor S(ω) observed in striped cuprate superconductors [4] is explained in this way. A crossover is found from magnon-like to triplon-like excitations as function of energy.

[1] K.P.Schmidt, G.S.Uhrig, Phys.Rev. Lett.90, 227204 (2003)
[2] K.P.Schmidt, C.Knetter, G.S.Uhrig, Phys.Rev.B, in press, cond-mat/0307678
[3] C.Knetter, K.P.Schmidt, M.Gruninger, G.S.Uhrig, Phys. Rev. Lett.87, 167204 (2001);
K.P.Schmidt, C.Knetter, M.Gruninger, G.S.Uhrig, Phys.Rev.Lett 90, 167201 (2003)
[4] J.M.Tranquada et al., Nature .429, 534 (2004)

Beijing synchrotron radiation facility (BSRF) started in operation in 1990. After the upgrading completed in 2003, totally 13 beamlines are provided to the users. The research fields cover physics, chemistry, electronic, materials, geo-science, biology and medical application. Now Beijing　electron positron collider (BEPC) will upgrade to BEPCII, while BSRF will also improve. The research in the structure of protein in BSRF began right after the construction of the biological macromolecule crystallography beamline 3W1A. Besides the crystallography, other beamlines, such as XAFS (1W1A), SAXS(4B9B) and VUV-CD (3B1) also involved. More than 20 protein　structures were determined and some research in the structure-function relationship of proteins are launched.　

The SynchrotronLight for Experimental Science and Application in the Middle East (SESAME) was established in 2001 under the auspices of UNESCO as an international scientific project to enhance science and its technological applications, and to promote peace in the Middle East region. It will have as it centerpiece a synchrotron light source originating from BESSY I, given as a gift by Germany. The upgraded machine, a 3rd generation 2.5 GeV machine, light source with an emittance of 25 nm.rad and 13 places for insertion devices, will provide light from the far infra-red to X-rays up to 20 keV energy and beyond. As of January 2004, the founding members of SESAME are: Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey and United Arab Emirates. The facility is located in Allan, Jordan, about 30 km North-West of Amman. Jordan is providing the site and funds for the construction of a new building on which the construction began in July 2003.

[1] M. Pollmann, H. H. Rotermund, G. Ertl, X. Li, and I. G. Kevrekidis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 6038 (2001).
[2] J. Wolff, A. G. Papathanasiou, I. G. Kevrekidis, H. H. Rotermund, G. Ertl, Science 294, 134-137 (2001).
[3] J. Wolff, A. G. Papathanasiou, H. H. Rotermund, G. Ertl, X. Li, I. G. Kevrekidis, J. Cat. 216, 246, (2003)

Conference Room in the Structural Biology Bldg.

Understanding structure-function relationships provide insights for fundamental processes in biological systems, indicate directions for designing new molecules and engineering modifications. Methods for experimental structure determination and protein structure modeling have been rapidly developing over the last decade allowing prediction of structure-function relationships. We have been involved in structural analyses of low molecular weight metal binding proteins metallothioneins (MTs) with a view of developing new metal tolerance and metal scavanging systems in plants.
MTs are small, cystein rich proteins present in a wide range of organisms including fungi, plants and mammalian systems. Although the main function of this protein family is not yet known, they appear to be involved in heavy metal detoxification, and zinc and/or copper regulation.
A new MT gene sequence has been identified in Triticum durum (pasta wheat) genomic DNA, Analyses of the gene structure and the sequence of the putative protein indicate that T. durum MT (dMT) can be classified as a Type 1 MT with typical cystein rich motifs in N-and C-termini. dMT was overexpressed in E.coli as a GST fusion and in the presence of the fusion protein bacteria showed increased tolerance to Cd in the growth medium when compared with controls expressing only GST. Recombinant GST-dMT and dMT were biochemically characterized, and in parallel the 3-D structure of dMT was modeled using bioinformatics tools. Results indicate a high structural similarity with the mammalian MT-1 protein for the metal centers and the long hinge region connecting the metal centers, modeled separately, appears to be where possible protein-protein and/or protein-DNA interaction sites are located. These results are discussed in the light of small angle solution X-ray scattering measurements and possible function(s) MT in plants.

4-go-kan(4th Building), 2F Rinkoshitsu1

I review and compare various time-resolved diffraction techniques, and discuss the general advantages of diffraction over spectroscopy in the study of structural dynamics in chemical and biological systems. Diffraction experiments can be distinguished by whether electron or x-ray is used and whether Bragg scattering or diffuse scattering is detected. The advantages and limitations of each diffraction experiment are discussed in light of atomic resolution, time resolution, practicality, the size of accessible molecules, and the phase of sample. Most time-resolved diffraction studies have been conducted by using x-rays rather than electrons, while most time-resolved electron diffraction has been so far confined to small molecules in gas phase or a thin film of simple metal. The feasibility of two new classes of experiments will be discussed: 1) time-resolved x-ray diffuse scattering (SAXS/WAXS) or powder diffraction on macromolecules and 2) the use of relativistic electrons for time-resolved electron diffraction. The first is to overcome the fact that routine production of well-diffracting crystals is the pre-requisite and bottleneck for time-resolved macromolecular crystallography. The second is to extend the applicability of electron diffraction beyond small molecules in gas phase and to achieve femtosecond time resolution.

Conference room at the Structural Biology Bldg.

Specific transport through the inner mitochondrial membrane is achieved by carriers which form a large transport family: MCF for mitochondrial carrier family. The exchange of ADP and ATP is of particular significance, as may be illustrated by the fact that human beings daily consume their own weight of ATP. Therefore, regeneration of ATP in mitochondria needs an efficient machinery able to import ADP and to export ATP. This transport is achieved by a membrane protein, the ADP/ATP carrier. We have solved the bovine carrier structure at a resolution of 2.2 by X-ray crystallography in complex with an inhibitor, carboxyatractyloside. The structure consists of six a-helices that form a compact transmembrane domain. At the surface oriented towards the space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, the protein has a deep depression. The RRRMMM motif, the signature of nucleotide carriers, is located at the bottom of the pit, and spans over the thinnest part of the protein. In combination with earlier biochemical results and our structure we suggest that transport substrates bind to the bottom of the cavity and that translocation results from a transient transition from a 'pit' to a 'channel' conformation.

Photon Factory Kenkyu building 2F Conference room

I will introduce the two EXAFS beam lines of the X-ray Absorption and Magnetic Scattering Group, BM29 and ID24.
A large portion of beam time on these two beam lines is dedicated to XAS studies in extreme conditions. I will show some recent results in this field. In particular, I will focus on a study on the pressure dependence of ion hydration in aqueous solutions performed on BM29 using a Paris Edinburgh Press and on a study of the evolution of the electronic structure and of the intramolecular distances in solid halogens as a function of pressure, performed on ID24 using a Diamond Anvil Cell.
Another important field of application of ID24 is dedicated to in-situ studies on heterogeneous catalysts. I will show an example of "in-situ" time resolved XAS study devoted to elucidate the correlation between the activity and selectivity of the catalyst and the structural modifications around the metal center.

4-go-kan(4th Building), 2F Rinkoshitsu1

The lecture first defines molecular magnetism, a scientific discipline which conceives, designs, synthesizes, characterizes and uses molecular magnetic materials with new but predictable magnetic properties.
Then the lecture points out how X-ray absorption spectroscopy, thanks to its specificity (chemical selectivity, orbital selectivity and no constraints on the state of the samples) can be useful to solve problems in molecular magnetism and in particular in bimetallic molecular assemblies : (i) local structure (EXAFS at K edge) ; (ii) local electronic structure of the absorber and nature of the chemical bonding(K and L2,3 edges) ; (iii) local magnetic properties of the absorber (XMCD at K and L2,3).
The lecture uses examples chosen in the chemistry of bimetallic Prussian blue analogues (room-temperature vanadium-chromium magnets and photomagnetic cobalt-iron analogues), high spin molecules (CrNi6 and 　CrMn6) and cobalt-iron magnetic magnetic nanowires.

4-gokan (Building No.4) 2F Rinkoshitsu 1

1 M. Sandstroem, F. Jalilehvand, I. Persson, U. Gelius, P. Frank and I. Hall-Roth, Nature 2002, 415, 893-897.

PF Kenkyu Building 2F Conference room

4-gokan (Building No.4) 2F Rinkoshitsu 1

Rinkoshitsu 1 on the 2nd Floor in the Building No.4

Rinkoshitsu 1 on the 2nd Floor in the Building No.4

Conference Room on the 2F in PF Kenkyu Building

Conference Room on the 2F in PF Kenkyu Building